Crown Shapes of Urban Trees-Their Dependences on Tree Species, Tree Age and Local Environment, and Effects on Ecosystem Services

Crown shapes of common European urban tree species differ from to and are modified by the age a its local environment. A tree’s crown shape has great influence on volume thus ecosystem service provision such as shade area or density. We used data 3852 individuals eight German cities 528 trees for Acer platanoides, pseudoplatanus, Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior, Platanus × acerifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia Tilia cordata analyze structural dimensions dependency shapes. Ovoid (57% all individuals) spherical (24%) were mostly observed. However, columnar was observed light-demanding R. in close proximity objects. The greatest areas measured highest density ovoid shape. Logistic regression analysis showed significant effects distance objects Significant probability found different species, e.g., A. hippocastanum strongly half-ellipsoid